Sonntag, 31. Mai 2020

Man in the Mirror Michael Jacckson

http://historyunfolding.blogspot.com/
I made a comment here regarding the protests. It should appear in due time. I remain distanced from events. America has structural social problems that can only be solved over a long period of deep cultural change that will also involve massive changes globally. I remain fixated on my private life therefore. Like climate change, economic injustice, change happens one person at a time. 





Photography lesson


A nice story here with photos and advice on how to take good sunrise/set pictures by a professional. He is always looking for something new, using mood, animals. I include this as a few days ago I saw a brilliant sunset as I left work with crescent moon, pink clouds strewn outwards, absolutely perfect. The author says to enjoy it if you took that picture before. Put away the camera. I guess a professional would get bored as he specializes. Everyone is like that in their area of expertise. For others it probably seems silly. A perfect sunrise is enough. But a professional writer, dancer, painter just has to be original, weird even to sell himself or be satisfied. My ridiculous energy chakra stories show this. Everyone has examples. Specialization drives us to greater heights of creativity. The generalist can never be as good but will strive to acheive averageness in lots of jack of all trades hobby areas in his life.

Tele-empathy

I watched a bit of the 1978 Superman film. He had just blocked a dam and was quiet, when he noticed a faint sound of Lois Lane crying for help, stuck in her car, being swallowed up by the earth, miles away. He was very much tuned in to her it seems. If I think of someone I am fond of I can feel their energy wherever they may be as even a surge through my body. I recall on vacation a couple years ago, we have tbis wonderful island, Fohr, which is half sand dunes where everything is so open against the sky and I got into the habit of watching people who had passed by on the beach on their way, or who had packed it in for the day to head back home across the wide dunes until they were nothing but a speck in the distance. What I noticed was an energy sensation which did not diminish with distance. One feels them, as an empath, similar to the dear friend I imagine anywhere on earth, but as long as I perceive them, like a bedouin perhaps, in the far off distance. This phenomenon works on visual media as well. I recall my initial habit of looking at actresses on the TV guides we buy twice monthly, nearly always drop dead gorgeous with incredibly indecent cut dresses to exhibit everything possible without censorship. Of course my interest was instantly aroused, particularly given my new found powers of empathic sensation through the chakras. The contradiction to my spiritual path was oh so obvious to me but it seemed harmless enough as not of a sexual nature but more generally soothing. Now let us assume this same starlet passes me in a bikini and diasappears, taking 15  minutes or so to reach the edge of the dunes as just a speck. I remain aware of her energy and continue monitoring it, although her curvature is only a fond memory. Supposing I were to see this wonderful creature as just a speck on a wide beach photo or film this effect would be similar whether I knew how good looking she was or not. So the advantages of the empath over the average Joe, curves are nice for the two eyes and the conscious mind but the real action takes place at the level of the energy body perceived with the third eye, not in technicolor mind you, like aura pictures in the internet, but rather felt directly as pressure or warmth. Odd, but without all that leisure time and endless expanse I would never have come up with this discovery. Free time, forced as by corona crisis, or through vacation, frees us up for growth in all areas of our life to act creatively, stretching our capacities in ways we would have never imagined possible before.

Cityscapes with 3D Computer modeling



I was watching a documentary on building bridges around the world and they started with the main bridge connecting the two halves of Sydney harbour .  They panned the city center and I felt like a tourist. So I searched for something like this online. One can get a really good feel for cities without expensive travel. Unfortunately as I have noticed youtube videos on blogger are shortened so text is cut off.  Software exists for 3D cityscapes but there are also photos online.  Simple tourist videos of Shanghai!, Delhi, Rome would suffice I suppose. 
Here a couple links with similar on global cities.

Samstag, 30. Mai 2020

Beautiful -James Blunt

Sad message but so beautifully Sung. I was looking for a Song with this word a couple days ago and wach one had not quite the right Message  I let it be    after hearing half dozen or more songs. I think this has such  meritthat I'll let it through anyway. I wasted so much time at des days ago that I posted very late in last minute, causing offense. Early Shift. Off to work. Back around 2:30.

Fashion styles and various

Classic Dress styles (Art and Fashion)
https://youtu.be/ARWrRGDq2OE
2019 to 2020 developments

Black Tape Project Miami

Bodypainting in NZ TV 
Artist creates Illusion and Camouflage with Body paint
Bodypainting waitress Prank

35 amazing Body Paint pictures

Clothing, Tape and painting are all ways of decorating the human Body. Human ingenuity never ends. I have one Problem Unserring YouTube Videos. Rollos the links.

Racial violence in USA since 1660

https://www.blackpast.org/special-features/racial-violence-united-states-1660/

RACIAL VIOLENCE IN THE UNITED STATES SINCE 1660

Regrettably racial violence has been a distinct part of American history since 1660. While that violence has impacted almost every ethnic and racial group in the United States, it has had a particularly horrific effect on African American life. Listed below are some of the major incidents of racial violence profiled on BlackPast.org. They range from revolts of the enslaved to more recent urban uprisings such as the Rodney King Riot in Los Angeles in 1992. This page does not cover violence affecting a single individual such as lynchings or police shootings. Please look for those incidents elsewhere on the website. We are constantly updating this list but if you think other incidents should be included please send their names and a brief description to suggestions@blackpast.org. We especially invite you to write entries for this page.

Revolts of the Enslaved:

New York City Slave Uprising, 1712
The Stono Rebellion, 1739
New York City Slave Conspiracy, 1741
Gabriel Prosser Revolt, 1800
Igbo Landing Mass Suicide, 1803
Andry’s Rebellion, 1811
Denmark Vesey Conspiracy, 1822
Nat Turner Revolt, 1831
Amistad Mutiny, 1839
Creole Case, 1841
Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, 1842

Antebellum Urban Violence

Cincinnati Riots, 1829
Anti-Abolition Riots, 1834
Cincinnati Race Riots, 1836
The Pennsylvania Hall Fire, 1838
Christina (Pennsylvania) Riot, 1851

Civil War, Reconstruction, and Post-Reconstruction Era Violence

Detroit Race Riot, 1863
New York City Draft Riots, 1863
Memphis Riot, 1866
New Orleans Massacre, 1866
Pulaski Race Riot, 1868
Opelousas Massacre, 1868
The Meridian Race Riot, 1871
Chicot County Race War, 1871
The Colfax Massacre, 1873
Clinton (Mississippi) Riot, 1875
Hamburg Massacre, 1876
Carroll County Courthouse Massacre, 1886
Thibodaux Massacre, 1887
New Orleans Dockworkers’ Riot, 1894-1895
Virden, Illinois Race Riot, 1898
Wilmington Race Riot, 1898
Newburg, New York Race Riot, 1899

Race Riots, 1900-1960

Robert Charles Riot (New Orleans), 1900
New York City Race Riot, 1900
Atlanta Race Riot, 1906
Springfield, Illinois Race Riot, 1908
East St. Louis Race Riot, 1917
Chester, Pennsylvania Race Riot, 1917
Houston Mutiny and Race Riot, 1917
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Race Riot, 1918
Charleston (South Carolina) Riot, 1919
Washington, D.C. Riot, 1919
Chicago Race Riot, 1919
Knoxville Race Riot, 1919
Elaine, Arkansas Riot, 1919
Tulsa Race Riot, 1921
Rosewood Massacre, 1923
Harlem Race Riot, 1935
Beaumont Race Riot, 1943
Detroit Race Riot, 1943
Columbia Race Riot, 1946

Urban Uprisings, 1960-2000

Cambridge, Maryland Riot, 1963
The Harlem Race Riot, 1964
Rochester Rebellion, 1964
Jersey City Uprising, 1964
Paterson, New Jersey Uprising, 1964
Elizabeth, New Jersey Uprising, 1964
Chicago (Dixmoor) Riots, 1964
Philadelphia Race Riot, 1964
Watts Rebellion (Los Angeles), 1965
Cleveland’s Hough Riots, 1966
Chicago, Illinois Uprising, 1966
The Dayton, Ohio Uprising, 1966
Hunter’s Point, San Francisco Uprising, 1966
The Nashville Race Riot, 1967
Newark Race Riot, 1967
Plainfield, New Jersey Riot, 1967
Detroit Race Riot, 1967
Flint, Michigan Riot, 1967
Tuscon Race Riot, 1967
Grand Rapids, Michigan Uprising, 1967
The King Assassination Riots, 1968
Hartford, Connecticut Riot, 1969
Asbury Park Race Riot, 1970
Camden, New Jersey Riots, 1969 and 1971
Miami (Liberty City) Riot, 1980
Crown Heights (Brooklyn) New York Riot, 1991
Rodney King Riot, 1992
West Las Vegas Riot, 1992
St. Petersburg, Florida Riot, 1996

College Campus Violence

University of Georgia Desegregation Riot, 1961
Ole Miss Riot, 1962
Houston (Texas Southern University) Riot, 1967
Orangeburg Massacre, 1968
Jackson State Killings, 1970

21st Century Racial Violence

Cincinnati Riot, 2001
Oscar Grant Oakland Protests, 2009-2011
Ferguson Riot and Ferguson Unrest, 2014-2015
Baltimore Protests and Riots, 2015
Charleston Church Massacre, 2015
Milwaukee Riot, 2016
Charlotte Riot, 2016
Jackson State Killings, 1970

Related Pages

Black Lives Matter
Lynchings in the United States Since 1865
Race, Crime, and Incarceration in the United States

Dionne Warwick - That's Whaf Friends are For


Emotional Growth


The school of life is an organisation devoted to helping people lead calmer and more resilient lives. We equip our audience with ideas to understand themselves better, improve their relationships, take stock of their careers and deepen their social connections - as well as find calm and grow more confident in facing challenges. We do this through our films, online psychotherapy, online classes and a range of our own books and games that you can find on our global online store at www.theschooloflife.com/shop/
We publish one film a week, on Wednesdays at 14.00hrs GMT.
Also lots of amazing self help books at their amazon shop, link below


Freitag, 29. Mai 2020

Jjnana caramcan 100, verses 39 and 40

39
The twelve and sixteen totaling twenty eight, 
All these are the deliberate play of the fire;
Inhale and breathe in the ascending 16 petals;
Perform recaka(exhalation) sincerely inside the twelve;
In that fire house is the the beautiful lufe;
One who knows both the great places is a yogin;
O! Dear! Sixteen is the bottom layer of the maiden(crown chakra);
Look tenderly the twelv steps of the feet.

Twelve = heart chakra
Suxteen = throat chakra
The feet in heart chakra, i.e. worship shakti's feet in heart

40
Gently inhaling in the 16,
Without excitement suspend and blow in the twelve,
In the vital body fire has gone;
In the two refined branches current has gone;
Who will tell in public the technique of breathing?
Performing the rare tapas will yield results;
When doing constant practice
Keep the mind in the middle of the two petals(3rd eye chakra)

Fire has gone means desire has ceased in vital body

"Curent has gone in two branches, = ida, pingalai", i.e. prana is now in susumna in middle

So this is a strong breathing, meditation combination pryctice in verse 40. 

All very simlar to heart breath meditation. If sidha technique was predating all the others by thousanda of years then we see here its origins translated from tamil literature and used in buddhism, islam, christianity.

Heart rhythym meditation

https://healthy-heart-meditation.com/heart-rhythm-meditation/

Heart Rhythm Meditation



Heart Rhythm Meditation (HRM) is a meditation practice that coordinates the breath with the heartbeat. This generates a powerful internal rhythm that creates heart coherence which is a state of balance with the head, heart, and body.

By giving our hearts our attention and our breath, we can energize and heal our hearts. Breath is a tool we use to bring energy into our hearts. The simple act of breathing consciously and rhythmically will energize your heart and tune it and heal its wounds.

heartpulseHeart Rhythm Meditation connects you to your heart through contact with your heartbeat.

This is a direct approach to the heart that can bring change quickly and efficiently. Working with the heart doesn’t need to replace other therapies and is a safe self-help tool which can bring tangible results. It will also help you maintain any progress you have already made with other healing practices.

 

Heart Rhythm Meditation Practices

I have recorded some basic heart rhythm meditation  for you here.

HRM practices can be done at home or any quiet place. Once you learn the basic breathing practices you can use them throughout the day, anytime you want to. Learning how to breathe is a key to all meditation, and a key to good health and happiness.

Heart Rhythm Practice slows the heart rate and makes it more regular. It lowers blood pressure, increases circulation, and creates coherence in your heart rate variability. This is a state of harmony and balance within your body and mind. It is a state of optimal health and a centering place where you can go to recharge and heal any time you want.

Heart Rhythm Meditation Origins

HRM has been pioneered and taught by Puran and Susanna Bair of  IamHeart.org  over the past 25 years. Today, there is a University of the Heart which offers a two year degree in the art and science of meditation.

Heart Meditation has been practiced for many centuries, dating back to both early Christianity and Sufism, with traces in Buddhist practices as well. In Christian monasteries, this meditation was known as the Prayer of the Heart and is described in the old Russian classic The Way of the Pilgrim.

Native Americans have used heartbeat drumming practices in their ceremonies.

Heart Healing Practices

Heart Rhythm Meditation can help strengthen and heal our physical heart by increasing heart rate variability and making our heartbeats more regular. The practice creates a powerful rhythm in our hearts that increases our resilience and magnetism. Every minute you spend in awareness of your breath and heartbeat is an investment in your heart’s health and strength.

HRM is a downward meditation where you are centered in your body through connection with your heartbeat. This is healthful to our hearts. Some meditations lift consciousness out of the body but this can lead to disassociation. HRM brings the energy of the universe down into the body through the heart.

See Also:

Heart Rhythm Meditation Course

Easy Meditation Techniques

Meditation Breathing

Heart Rate Variability


Return from Heart Rhythm Meditation to Home


I earned this technique by reading a book 'living from he heart' by Puran Bair. It has ximilarites to my kriya yoga pranayama practices and I was reminded of this in my daily reading this morning. One technique here is to breathe in through the solar plexus, belly then bring the energy upward to should blades and breathe out through the heart energizing it. In my reading today the3 tamil siddha tradition seemed to suggest breahing in throuh the 5th chakra, throat and into the heart. So many similarities in practicesc exist across cultures.

Donnerstag, 28. Mai 2020

Intimate love songs for healthy relationships


https://nomore.org/lovebetter-playlist-7-love-songs-cozy-winter/

Written by One Love Foundation Writer’s Corps member Julie Oltman in partnership with NO MORE. One Love is a foundation dedicated to teaching young people about healthy and unhealthy relationships.

Whether we like it or not, winter is here. The days are short and the air is frigid; we’re in the midst of the coldest months. But since we’ll be here for a bit longer, we might as well enjoy it. That’s why we’re sharing our very own #LoveBetter playlist, comprised of intimate, cozy love songs that pair perfectly with a seat by the fireplace and a warm blanket – and remind us what healthy relationships look like


*Please note that we reserve the right the remove songs

The 7 levels of intimacy


https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/servlet/DCARead?standardNo=0743265114&standardNoType=1&excerpt=true



Is anger a symptom of depression?

https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/depression-and-anger

Everyone experiences anger at some point in their life. These moments are usually short-lived. Sometimes, though, anger may linger. Long-term anger can be a symptom of depression. Researchers have found a connection between feelings of anger and depression. In an older study from 1998Trusted Source, researchers observing people with depression noted that one-third also experienced sudden episodes of anger.

Prince -When Doves Cry


Dig if you will the picture
Of you and I engaged in a kiss
The sweat of your body covers me
Can you my darling
Can you picture this?
Dream, if you can, a courtyard
An ocean of violets in bloom
Animals strike curious poses
They feel the heat
The heat between me and you
How can you just leave me standing?
Alone in a world that's so cold (so cold)
Maybe I'm just too demanding
Maybe I'm just like my father, too bold
Maybe you're just like my mother
She's never satisfied (she's never satisfied)
Why do we scream at each other?
This is what it sounds like 
When doves cry
Touch if you will my stomach
Feel how it trembles inside
You've got the butterflies all tied up
Don't make me chase you
Even doves have pride
How could you just leave me standing?
Alone in a world so cold? (world so cold)
Maybe I'm just too demanding
Maybe I'm just like my father, too bold
Maybe you're just like my mother
She's never satisfied (she's never satisfied)
Why do we scream at each other?
This is what it sounds like 
When doves cry
How can you just leave me standing?
Alone in a world that's so cold? (a world that's so cold)
Maybe I'm just too demanding (maybe, maybe I'm like my father)
Maybe I'm just like my father too bold (you know he's too bold)
Maybe you're just like my mother (maybe you're just like my mother)
She's never satisfied (she's never, never satisfied)
Why do we scream at each other? (why do we scream, why)
This is what it sounds like 
When doves cry
When doves cry (doves cry, doves cry)
When doves cry (doves cry, doves cry)
Don't cry (don't cry)

Fleetwood Mac -you make loving fun

You make loving fun

Sweet wonderful you
You make me happy with the things you do
Oh, can it be so
This feeling follows me wherever I go
I never did believe in miracles
But I've a feeling it's time to try
I never did believe in the ways of magic
But I'm beginning to wonder why
I never did believe in miracles
But I've a feeling it's time to try
I never did believe in the ways of magic
But I'm beginning to wonder why
Don't, don't break the spell
It would be different and you know it will
You, you make loving fun
And I don't have to tell you but you're the only one
You, you make loving fun
It's all I want to do
You, you make loving fun
It's all I want to do
You, you make loving fun
It's all I want to do
You, you make loving fun
It's all I want to do 

Daily verse jnana caramcan 100 - verse 37

Veru enre ninaiyamal idaiyil vangi
Vidamana culimunaiyil kumbam ceydu
Kuruenre pingalaiyil regacamcey
Kurumunidan connapadi ule takku
Varenra jnayirudan tingalundu
Madiyamudan akkiniyal aliyalaccu
Mirenra noygal ellam nirayp poccu
Vedanda degamadu cittiyacce

Without thinking any other thing, inhale in the ida-nadi(moon);
Perform the type of suspension in the susumna;
Perform exhaling in the significant pingala-nadi(sun);
Penetrate inside as advised by Agastya;
Enjoy the strong sun and the moon;
The ambrosial juice has been absorbed in the fire(heart chakra);
All the extreme diseases have been evaporated;
The Vedantic(light/diamond) body has been achieved.

'A word about alternate process of breathing: alternate nadi breathing does not require alternate nostril breahing if one's concentration is strong. ('Without thinking of any other thing'). During kriya yoga initiation one learns to visullize the moon rising inside the ida-nadi  and the sun descending the pingala-nadi. In between one learns to concentrate on the susumna nadi at the crown of the head.
The ambrosial juice is said to be secreted from the base of the sahasrara- chakra and to be "absorbed in the fire" meaning the heart lotus.'

Mittwoch, 27. Mai 2020

Woody Allen montage


Escape from New York clip


Godfather 1972 best scenes


Tarantino top 10 scenes

Additionally an article with discussion and 18 video clips.

Quentin Tarantino makes one hell of a first impression. His debut film Reservoir Dogs begins with his own voice on the soundtrack, delivering a well-thought-out, colorfully profane analysis of the Madonna song “Like a Virgin.” For the next seven minutes, Tarantino — along with his cinematographer Andrzej Sekula and the editor Sally Menke — explore the dynamics of a diner table, populated by well-dressed mob goons, all bullshitting about ’70s pop songs and the pros and cons of tipping waitresses. The Reservoir Dogs intro is funny and cinematically vibrant, and it has the ring of truth. The conversation sounds like what folks really talk about … whether or not they’re about to go rob a bank. Back in 1992, by the time that scene ended, a lot of viewers were eager to follow these characters — and this moviemaker — wherever they might go.
Tarantino is an action-film savant, who after a lifetime of watching kung fu matinees and spaghetti Westerns has absorbed the best ways to orchestrate shootouts, chases, and fight scenes so that they play like the grindhouse’s greatest hits. Tarantino also has the ear of a playwright and can pen pages upon pages of entertaining dialogue and monologues, developing stories and characters through what initially seems like idle chitchat. In all the films he’s written and/or directed (including his latest, Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, which just opened this past weekend), he parcels out plot via set pieces. It’s not uncommon for Tarantino to stick with one conversation or conflict for 10, 15, 20 minutes, or more.

Naked Gun - best lines


Dirty Harry - Do you feel lucky punk?


Shining - Here's Johnny


Spaghetti Western theme music


Bogar Verse 13 - jnana caramvan 100

Nillappa irappagalum culinaikulle
Ninrale vaciculikku eradaiya
Allappa ninaivaga anantal udum
Apadiye nillunillu anekakalam
Lkallappa tegamdan piravipoccu
Kayilacam kudiyiruppay vaykumparu
Cellapa culinaivali kurupaattil
Cenravarkku vinaiyundo telindukolle

Be immersd in susumna day and night
If immersed the prana will not ascend the crown of the head
Awareness will enter the night sleep;
Sound steadast in the same way for years to come;
The body will be stone-like, birth has gone;
Abiding in Kailaya will occur, experience (it);
Those who have attained it, is there karma? One should understand.

Ganapathy explains that prana stops at 3rd eye, actually lower part of crown chakra, exuding amrita as the two unite. The next line means state of samadhi where one has 'egoless awareness', attaining of which frees one from rebirth, attain kailaya, diamond body.


Dienstag, 26. Mai 2020

Guilty Favorites -lit, film

Don Quixote
Moll Flanders
Poe - Tales of Mystery and Imagination

From crime/ spy side of my Mom
Agatha Christie(all)
John Le Carré

Stephen King all

Film
Clint Eastwood /Sergio Leone - Spaghetti Westerns:
The Good, The Bad and The Ugly, For a Dollar More,
Dirty Harry series
Shining (King/ Jack Nicholson)
Jaws
The Godfather series

70s catastrophe trash
Airport
Towering Inferno
Earthquake

Escape from New York
Dune
Leslie Nielsen -The Naked Gun series, Airplane
Danny Boyle - 28 Days

Video clips will follow

Poetical description of Samadhi

Verse 149, yoga of siddha boganathar, vol.2, T.N. Ganapathy

The talk as to how to merge will be like
The wick and ghee being absorbed by the engulfing lamp;
Like the rainwater exhausted and drunk by the sun,
Like the great bright colors absorbed by the crystal,
Like the bubble absorbed in the deep water;
This is the way of being merged and being absorbed;
O! Good man! Experience the truth
Like the sound leaving the object and lost.

Porunduvadu evvaru enru peci
Perundibam unda tiri pol ney agum
Varunduvadu varunacalam ravi undappol
Magaran angu varnam undu padigam polat
Tarunduvadu calattu adangum kumilipola
Cattambin kuduvittuk kettapola
Porunduvadum odunguvadum iduve markkam
Uttamane manattodu unnu unne

I have left off diacritical marks which show long or short vowel sounds among other things. Basically when one reads such holy verses again and again slowly, meditatively, then one can fall into the state of absorption described above. The original contains, like music, the original feelings of the Siddha, describing his experiences. Try slow repetitive reading of original and translation and see what results you get. I read this before work yesterday and got a blissful surge of energy. The c's are I believe 'ch' pronounced. I love music, verse, film, as one absorbs the felings, state of mind and with great works by geniuses this is included. Holy works should not be excluded from this, particularly deeply spiritual ones. Some verses stray into description of dos and don'ts which make us ueasy about our behavior, particularly in modern times but generally we can relate to and grow into this, just like with observing art, listening to music, watching film. To grow spiritually we need practice of yoga, meditation, etc but also guidance from masters just as in the general cultural arena we have shakespeare, beatles, etc.  Unite with the siddha as they with God and you use him as a bridge to uniting with God through his verses.


Montag, 25. Mai 2020

Australia -Worst drought in 800 years

From: https://theconversation.com/recent-australian-droughts-may-be-the-worst-in-800-years-94292 
featuring our PhD researcher Mandy Freund and colleague Benjamin Henley
Australia is a continent defined by extremes, and recent decades have seen some extraordinary climate events. But droughts, floods, heatwaves, and fires have battered Australia for millennia. Are recent extreme events really worse than those in the past?
In a recent paper, we reconstructed 800 years of seasonal rainfall patterns across the Australian continent. Our new records show that parts of Northern Australia are wetter than ever before, and that major droughts of the late 20th and early 21st centuries in southern Australia are likely without precedent over the past 400 years.


This new knowledge gives us a clearer understanding of how droughts and flooding rains may be changing in the context of a rapidly warming world.

A HISTORY OF DROUGHT

Australia has been shaped by floods, droughts, and blistering heat. How big and how intense these events were is poorly understood due to the limited historical and observational records.
Historical records provide rough estimates of the extent and intensity of droughts in parts of Australia since the late 1700s. For example, captains’ logbooks from ships anchored off of Sydney describe the Settlement Drought (1790-1793), which threatened the tenuous foothold of early European settlers in Australia. And farmers’ records describe the Goyder Line Drought (1861–1866) that occurred in areas north of the known arable lands of South Australia.
Observational weather records provide more detailed descriptions of climatic variability. However, systematic recording of weather in Australia only began in the late 19th century. Since then many parts of the continent have experienced prolonged wet periods and droughts. The most well known of these are the Federation drought (1895-1903), the World War II drought (1939-45), and the recent Millennium drought (1997-2009).
All three droughts were devastating to agriculture and the broader economy, but each was distinct in its spatial footprint, duration, and intensity. Importantly, these droughts also differed in seasonality.
Recent and historical droughts in Australia for the different natural resource management (NRM) regions. Provided by M.Freund
For example, the Millennium drought, which was most severe in southwestern and southeastern Australia, was caused by poor rainfall during the cool season. In contrast, the Federation drought, which affected almost the entire continent, was predominantly due to rainfall declines during the warm season.
Although the historical and observational records provide a wealth of information about the frequency of wet and dry extremes, they provide only part of the picture.
Lancelot that became a ghost town following the Federation Drought. denisben/flickrCC BY-ND

LOOKING BACK

To understand possible trends in rainfall and assess the likelihood of prolonged droughts, we need to understand the long-term climatic context. For this, we need records that are much longer than existing observational and historical records.
Our new study used an extensive network of tree rings, ice cores, corals, and sediment records from across Australia and the adjacent Indian and Pacific Oceans to extend rainfall records across all of the major regions of Australia by between 400 and 800 years. Importantly, we did this for two seasons, the cool (April–September) season and warm (October–March) season, over eight large natural resource management regions spanning the Australian continent. This allows us to place recent observations of rainfall variability into a much longer context across the entire continent for the first time.
Seasonal rainfall for the past 400 years
We found that recent shifts in rainfall variability are either unprecedented or very rare over the reconstructed period. The two most striking patterns were in tropical northern Australia, which as been unusually wet over the past century, and southern Australia, which has been unusually dry.
Our reconstructions also highlight differences between recent extreme drought events and those in earlier centuries. For example, the Millennium Drought was larger in area and longer than any other drought in southern Australia over the last 400 years.
Our reconstruction also shows that the most intense droughts described in the historical records – the Settlement Drought (1790-93), Sturt’s Drought (1809–30), and the Goyder Line Drought (1861–66) – were limited to specific regions. The Settlement Drought appears to have affected only Australia’s eastern regions, whereas the Goyder Line Drought, which occurred north of the northernmost limit of arable lands in Southern Australia, primarily impacted central Australia and the far north.


These historical droughts varied widely in the area they covered, highlighting at a continental scale the spatial diversity of drought. This spatial variability has also recently been demonstrated for eastern Australia.
Our multi-century rainfall reconstruction complements the recent Climate Change in Australia report on future climate. By providing a clearer window into climates of the past online, we can better see how extremes of rainfall may affect Australia in the future.

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